Ilimi a Jamus

Ilimi a Jamus
	education in country or region (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	education in Europe (en)
Facet of (en)	Ben
Ƙasa	Jamus
Wuri
	51°N 10°E / 51°N 10°E

Ilimi a Jamus shine aikin da ke faruwa na kasashen Jamusawa gaba daya, tare da gwamnatin tarayya tana taka rawar gani. Zabi na yara na kindergarten (makarantar fara'a) ana ba da ilimi ga dukkan yara tsakanin shekara daya izuwa shekara shida, bayan wannan halartar makaranta wajibi ne. Tsarin ya bambanta a duk fadin Jamus saboda kowace kasa tana yanke hukunchi game fa manufofin ilimi. Yawancin yara, koyaya, sun fara zuwa Grundchule (ma'ana ma'anar 'Ground School') na shekaru 4 daga 6 zuwa 9.

An raba ilimin sakandare na Jamus zuwa sassa biyu, kananan da babba. Ilimin sakandare a cikin Jamus an yi shi ne don koyar da mutane manya-manyan makarantun gaba-gaba kuma ya basu damar shiga karatun sakandare. A matakin sakandare na Jamus yana da dimbin shirye-shirye na koyarwa.

Ilimin sakandare na Jamusawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan makarantu guda biyar. Gymnasium an tsara shi don shirya ɗalibai don babban ilimi kuma yana gamawa tare da kammalawa ta ƙarshe Abitur, bayan aji 13. Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2018 sake fasalin makaranta wanda aka fi sani da G8 yana samar da Abitur a cikin shekaru 8 na makaranta. Gyarawar ya gaza saboda manyan buƙatu a matakan koyon yara ga yara kuma an juya su zuwa G9 a cikin shekarar 2019. Yman Gymnasiums kawai suna tare da samfurin G8. Yara suna halartar yawanci Gymnasium daga shekara 10 zuwa 18. Realschule yana da babban fifikon girmamawa ga ɗaliban matsakaici kuma ya ƙare da gwaji na ƙarshe Mittlere Reife, bayan aji 10; Hauptschule tana shirya ɗalibai don koyar da sana'a sannan ta gama da karatun ƙarshe Hauptschulabschluss, bayan aji 9 da Realschulabschluss bayan aji 10. Akwai nau'i biyu na aji 10: ɗaya shine mafi girman matakin da ake kira type 10b kuma ƙananan matakin ana kiranta type 10a; kawai mafi girman nau'in 10b na iya haifar da Realschule kuma wannan ya gama tare da jarabawar karshe Mittlere Reife bayan aji 10b. Wannan sabuwar hanyar cimma Realschulabschluss a makarantar sakandire wacce ke da aikin koyarwa an canza ta ne ta hanyar dokokin makarantar a shekarar 1981 - tare da cancantar shekara guda. A cikin lokacin canjin shekara guda na canji zuwa sababbin ka'idodi, ɗalibai na iya ci gaba tare da aji na 10 don cika ka'idar karatun. Bayan shekarar 1982, sabon hanyar ya kasance tilas, kamar yadda aka yi bayani a sama.

Tsarin karatun sakandare na zamani an sanya shi ne ta wata hanya don samun mutane su koyi manyan ƙwarewa don takamaiman sana'a. "Mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ma'aikata sun wuce tsarin koyarwa na sana'a da kuma horo wanda kuma ake kira VET". Jamusawa da yawa suna cikin shirye-shiryen VET. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen VET suna haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni kusan 430,000, kuma kusan kashi 80 na waɗannan kamfanoni suna hayar da mutane daga waɗannan shirye-shiryen koyon sana'o'in don samun aiki na cikakken lokaci. Wannan tsarin ilimin yana da matukar karfafa gwiwa ga matasa saboda sun iya karfin gwiwar ganin 'yayansu. Tsarin ilimin yana karfafa gwiwa ne ga mutane domin sun san cewa wataƙila aiki zai jira su idan aka gama su da makaranta. Ba za a iya musayar ƙwarewar da aka samu ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen VET ba kuma sau ɗaya a kamfanin da ya yi wa wani ma'aikaci da ya fito daga waɗannan makarantun ƙwararru, suna da sadaukarwa ga juna. Shirye-shiryen VET na Jamus sun tabbatar da cewa matakin koleji ba lallai ba ne ga kyakkyawan aiki kuma horar da mutane ga takamaiman ayyuka na iya zama mai nasara kamar yadda ya kamata

Ban da wannan, akwai Gesamtschule, wanda ya hadu da Hauptschule, Realschule da Gymnasium. Hakanan akwai Forder- or Sonderschulen. Inaya daga cikin dalibai 21 suna zuwa Forderschule. Ko ta yaya, Forder- or Sonderschulen na iya jagorantar na musamman ga Hauptschulabschluss na nau'in 10a ko nau'in 10b, karshen wanda shine Realschulabschluss. Adadin aikin wuce gona da iri ana kayyade shi daban-daban kowace makaranta kuma ya bambanta kwarai. Tare da sake fasalin makaranta na shekarar 2015, gwamnatin Jamus tayi kokarin tura yawancin daliban zuwa wasu makarantun, wanda aka fi sani da Inklusion.

Yawancin cibiyoyin daruruwan ko na sama na Jamus suna karbar karamar karatu ko kwatankwacin karatun kasashen duniya. Dalibai yawanci dole ne su tabbatar da gwajin cewa sun cancanta.

Don shiga jami'a, dalibai, a matsayin doka, ana bukatar su wuce jarabawar Abitur; tun daga shekara ta 2009, duk da haka, wadanda ke ba Meisterbrief (mashin din difloma) ma sun sami damar yin amfani. Wadanda suke da sha'awar shiga "jami'a na ilimin kimiyya" dole ne, a matsayin doka, suna da Abitur, Fachhochschulreife, ko Meisterbrief. Idan ba su da wadancan ilimin, dalibai sun cancanci shiga jami'a ko jami'a na ilimin kimiyya idan zasu iya gabatar da karin tabbaci cewa za su iya ci gaba da takwarorinsu da dalibai ta hanyar Begabtenprufung ko Hochbegabtenstudium (wanda jarabawa ce mai tabbatar da inganci da sama da matsakaita karfin hankali)

Wani tsarin musamman na horarwa mai suna Duale Ausbildung ya ba da damar dalibai kan koyon sana'o'in hannu su yi horo a cikin kamfani da kuma a makarantun gwamnati.